Publisher description
Original publisher: Reston, Va. : U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2011. OCLC Number: (OCoLC)743217310 Subject: Rare earth metals -- United States. Excerpt: ... End Uses For Rare Earth Elements 9 CeO In 2008, the neodymium-iron-boron magnet category 2 840 t ( 12 % ) created 100 percent of the consumption of dysprosium oxide ( 1, 310 t ), 76 percent of the consumption of neodymium oxide ( 18, 200 t ), 70 percent of the consumption of praseodymium Y O La O 2 3 2 3 oxide ( 6, 140 t ), 69 percent of the consumption of gadolinium 3, 710 t ( 53 % ) 1, 190 t ( 17 % ) oxide ( 525 t ), and 11 percent of the consumption of terbium oxide ( 53 t ). Neodymium-iron-boron magnets have the potential to be recycled, remanufactured, and reused because the magnets can be selectively disengaged from the assemblies in which they are used. Until recently, there had been no evidence of ongoing recovery activity ( Walter Benecki, Walter Benecki LLC, written commun., January 26, 2011 ), partly because neodymium-iron-boron magnets often corrode with use, which increases the cost to recover useful elements, and partly because magnets that use plating materials ( nickel ) are more complex to recycle ( Goodier, 2005 ). However, Hitachi has developed technologies to recycle rare earth magnets from hard disk drives and has successfully extracted rare earths from rare earth magnets ( Hitachi, Ltd., 2010 ). Nd O 2 3 840 t ( 12 % ) Pr O 6 11 420 t ( 6.0 % ) Dy O 2 3 Tb O 6 7 1, 310 t ( 5.0 % ) Figure 7. Pie chart showing the distribution of rare earth oxide 53 t ( 0.2 % ) Gd O consumption within the ceramics market sector in 2008. Data are 2 3 525 t ( 2.0 % ) derived from Bade ( 2010 ). CeO, cerium oxide; La O, lanthanum 2 2 3 oxide; Nd O, neodymium oxide; Pr O, praseodymium oxide; Y O, Pr O 2 3 6 11 2 3 6 11 yttrium oxide. 6, 140 t ( 23 % ) of the consumption of cerium oxide ( 840 t ). Technology is available to recycle these materials, but little actual recycling occurs because t
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Rare earth elements: end use and recyclability
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